Compositions for the in vitro derivation and culture of embryonic stem (es) cell lines with germline transmission capability and for the culture of adult stem cells

ABSTRACT

The present invention describes novel compositions for deriving, maintaining and growing pluripotent and germ-line competent mammalian embryonic stem cells. The compositions of this invention refer to compositions comprising a 1) conditioned medium of a cell line expressing limited amounts of Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF), 2) conditioned medium from a cell line transfected with mammalian LIF and 3) a medium supplemented with recombinant rabbit LIF. The present invention describes novel compositions for deriving, maintaining and growing adult human stem cells and/or adult early progenitor cells, preferably under stroma-free conditions and without added LIF and/or cytokines or growth factors. The media of the present invention are used for the generation of pluripotent and germ-line competent embryonic stem cells of mammals of which these cells were not obtained up to now. The media of the present invention are used for the generation of adult human stem cells and/or adult early progenitor cells. The present invention is also directed to a novel rabbit LIF and to nucleotides encoding the rabbit LIF and methods for the expression of recombinant rabbit LIF in the  Pichia pastoris  expression system.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to novel compositions and their use forthe derivation, maintenance and growth of pluripotent and germinecompetent embryonic stem (ES) cells. The invention also relates to theES cells produced using the composition and to use of these ES celllines for germline transmission and for the generation of geneticallymodified non-human animals. The present invention further relates tonovel compositions and their use for the derivation, maintenance andgrowth of adult stem cells (ASC).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Embryonic Stem Cells

ES cell lines are cell lines isolated from the inner cell mass (ICM) ofblastocyst-stage embryos, which under specific conditions can bemaintained in culture for many passages, i.e. replating of cells ontonew cell culture dishes at regular time intervals, without loss of theirpluripotency. They maintain a normal karyotype and when reintroducedinto a host blastocyst they can colonize the germline. Such cell linesmay provide an abundance of pluripotent cells that can be transformed invitro with DNA (see below), and selected for recombination (homologousor non-homologous) of exogenous DNA into chromosomal DNA, allowingstable incorporation of the desired gene. To date, germlinetransmission, i.e. the transmission of the ES genome to the nextgeneration, has however only been achieved with ES cells of certainmouse strains.

Murine embryonic stem cells were first isolated in 1981. Since then,several ES cell lines have been established and they are now widely andsuccessfully used for the introduction of targeted mutations or othergenetic alterations into the mouse genome. Most of thegermline-competent mouse ES cell lines that are in current use have beenobtained in the 129 strain, and the remainder in a few other inbredstrains (C57BL/6 and crosses with C57BL/6). Furthermore, ES cell linesare at best obtained in 30% of explanted blastocysts, even in the 129strain, and success rates of around 10% appear to be closer to the norm.

The most commonly used approach to generate chimeric animals is toinject about 10-15 isolated ES cells into the blastocoel of a hostblastocyst and to allow the cells to mix with the cells of the innercell mass. The resultant chimeric blastocysts are then transferred torecipients for rearing. Alternatively diploid aggregation using veryearly (8-16 cell) stage embryos and tetraploid aggregation, can be usedas hosts for ES cells. Briefly, ES cells are ‘sandwiched’ between earlystage embryos devoid of their zona pellucida, cultured overnight andimplanted into a foster mother. This technique can be performed underconditions yielding either chimeric or totally ES cell-derivedoffspring.

Although ES cell culture and chimera production have been technicallyimproved over the years, the pluripotency of the ES cells is still oftenreduced after several passages, whereas completely ES cell-derivedfetuses (by tetraploid aggregation) seem to have a markedly reducedsurvival after birth. Nagy et al., “Derivation of completely cellculture derived mice from early-passage embryonic stem cells” Proc NatlAcad Sci USA 1993; 90: 8424-8, used R1 ES cell lines derived from earlypassages with electrofusion derived tetraploid embryos to formaggregates and obtained mice which were entirely derived from ES cells.However, the R1 ES cells lost their totipotency upon extended culture invitro, because no animal survived to adulthood from ES cells obtainedfrom later than 14 passages. Moreover, even when early passage cellswere used, many ES-tetraploid aggregates died before developing to term.Only 3.8% of transferred aggregates survived after caesarian section.The goal to obtain viable ES mice using later passage ES cells was notreached and the production of ES cell derived mice using geneticallymodified ES cells did not seem to be possible.

The inability of the present technology to yield viable offspring fromES cells of inbred mouse strains via tetraploid aggregation was recentlyconfirmed in Eggan K, et al. “Hybrid vigor, fetal overgrowth, andviability of mice derived by nuclear cloning and tetraploid embryocomplementation. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2001; 98: 6209-14. Geneticheterozygosity was found to be a crucial parameter influencing postnatalsurvival of offspring derived from ES cells by nuclear cloning ortetraploid embryo complementation. Pups derived from inbred ES cells byeither method died perinatally with a phenotype of respiratory failure.In contrast, the great majority (80-85%) of pups derived from F1 EScells by either procedure survived to adulthood. In another studyhowever, no clear correlation was found between the postnatal lethalityof ES-cell-derived mice and the cell line used. Postnatal death occurredin all cell lines, including those with different genetic background.Thirty four completely ES-cell-derived newborns (3%) were obtained aftertransfer of 1037 tetraploid blastocysts injected with ES from all celllines. Only thirteen mice (1%) grew to adulthood (Amano T, Kato Y,Tsunoda Y. Comparison of heat-treated and tetraploid blastocysts for theproduction of completely ES-cell-derived mice. Zygote 2001; 9: 153-7).

Presumptive pluripotential ES cells have been isolated from a number ofother species than mice, including hamster, pig, sheep, cattle, mink,rat, primate, human, chicken, marmoset, medakafish and man. In only afew instances (pig, chicken, medakafish), have these cell lines givenrise to chimeras when reintroduced into blastocysts, but thus far nonehave given rise to germline transmission.

The isolation of pluripotential ES cell lines from preimplantationrabbit blastocysts was reported by Graves K H, Moreadith R W,“Derivation and characterization of putative pluripotential embryonicstem cells from preimplantation rabbit embryos”, Mol Reprod Dev 1993;36: 424-33. These ES lines were found to give rise to differentiatedcell types, representative of all three germ layers (pluripotential byin vitro criteria). Recently these ES lines from the Dutch Belted strainwere shown to be also capable of generating overt coat-color chimerasfollowing injection into recipient New Zealand White blastocysts,demonstrating that the cells were pluripotential by in vivo criteria aswell. However no germline transmission has been achieved. Additionalexperiments showed that the low frequency of chimera formation andabsence of germline transmission probably was due to the loss ofpluripotency of the ES cell line upon high passage number.

ES cells are maintained in an undifferentiated state by the presence offeeder layers producing various factor(s) that prevent the cells fromdifferentiating. It has been shown that several cytokines areresponsible for this effect: DIA/LIF (differentiation inhibitoryactivity/leukaemia inhibiting factor), interleukin-6 in combination withsoluble interleukin-6 receptor, interleukin-11, oncostatin M, ciliaryneurotrophic factor and cardiotrophin. It is now possible to establishand maintain ES cells in culture in the absence of feeder cells but inthe presence of such factors, at least for several passages. In speciesother than the mouse, ES cell technology is still under development andthere are no published data reporting germ line transmission in anyspecies other than mouse.

Recombinant Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) is presently routinelyadded to the culture medium used for the isolation of embryonic stem(ES) cells from mammalian embryos in vitro. This method is claimed inU.S. Pat. No. 5,166,065, EP 0380646 and WO9001541, based on a prioritydocument AU1988 PI09644 dated Aug. 4, 1988 (51-53). Recombinant murineor human LIF protein was purified and cDNA cloned on the basis of itsability to induce differentiation of the murine monocytic cell line M1in mature macrophages with consequent reduced clonogenicity. The(recombinant) protein and cDNA's (the murine and human variants) areclaimed in a.o. U.S. Pat. No. 5,187,077 (and several continuations inpart to up to U.S. Pat. No. 6,261,548 issued 17 Jul. 2001) and EP285448, based on a priority document of AU1987 PI1209 dated Apr. 2,1987.

Subsequent work has established the identity of LIF with earlierpurified proteins and/or biological activities. The work of Hozumi etal. during 1980-1986 led to the purification to homogeneity of Factor Dwhich stimulated the differentiation and inhibited the proliferation ofthe murine monocytic cell line M1, Tomida M, Yamamoto-Yamaguchi Y,Hozumi M. Purification of a factor inducing differentiation of mousemyeloid leukemic M1 cells from conditioned medium or mouse fibroblastL929 cells. J Biol Chem 1984; 259: 10978-82). The Factor D cDNA wassubsequently shown to be identical to that of LIF (Lowe D G, Nunes W,Bombara M, McCabe S, Ranges G E, Henzel W, Tomida M, Yamamoto-YamaguchiY, Hozumi M, Goeddel D V. Genomic cloning and heterologous expression ofhuman differentiation-stimulating factor. DNA 1989; 8: 351-9). The useof LIF in the culture medium of ES cells was preceeded by work on theinhibition of the differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells by DIA(differentiation inhibiting activity) secreted by Buffalo rat livercells. Subsequently the identity of DIA and LIF was established at thecDNA and protein level (Smith A G, Heath J K, Donaldson D D, Wong G C,Moreau J, Stahl M, Rogers D. Inhibition of pluripotential embryonic stemcell differentiation by purified polypeptides. Nature 1988; 336: 688-90;Smith A G, Nichols J, Robertson M, Rathjen P D. Differentiationinhibiting activity (DIA/LIF) and mouse development. Devel Biol 1992;151: 339-51.).

Advances in recombinant DNA technology over the last decade have greatlyfacilitated the isolation and manipulation of genes, to the point whereany conceivable novel construct can be engineered, such as by fusing thepromoter of one gene to the coding sequence of another, or bysite-directed mutagenesis. Likewise, advances in embryo manipulationhave facilitated the transfer of these novel exogenous genes intoendogenous chromosomal DNA, generating transgenic animals. Transgenicanimals can be generated either by injection of DNA into the pronucleusof zygotes, by introduction of (genetically manipulated) pluripotentembryonic stem (ES) cells into host “embryos”, and more recently bynuclear transfer with stably transfected somatic donor cells intoenucleated oocytes.

The review of the current technology shows that there is a need foreconomic compositions that provide ES cells which remain pluripotent andgerm line competent after prolonged passaging. There is also a need forthe generation of transgenic mice of strains with different geneticbackground and for the generation of other non human transgenic mammals.These transgenic animals could be useful for the study of the biologicaleffects of identified genes, for the pharmaceutical production oftherapeutic gene products, for the generation of “improved” live stock,etc.

The difficulties in maintaining the undifferentiated phenotype ofcultivated stem cells is not limited to embryonic stem cells. Also adultstem cells of different lineages tend to loose their capacity todifferentiate in different cell types. The maintenance of the stem cellphenotype is especially challenging for hematopoietic stem cells.

A hematopoietic stem cell (abbreviated as HSC) is a cell isolated fromperipheral blood, umbilical cord blood or bone marrow that can renewitself, can differentiate to a variety of specialized cells. The bonemarrow HSC can mobilize out of the bone marrow. HSC can undergoprogrammed cell death, called apoptosis—a process by which cells thatare detrimental or unneeded self-destruct. About 1 in every 10,000 to15,000 bone marrow cells is thought to be a stem cell. In the bloodstream the proportion falls to 1 in 100,000 blood cells. (Stem cells:scientific progress and future research directions June 2001, NIH)

During the last 30 years, transplantation of hematopoieticprogenitor/stem cells from bone marrow and mobilized peripheral blood isa procedure of unquestioned clinical utility and a standard of care in anumber of malignancies, benign and dysplastic hematologic disorders andinherited diseases (Dupont B. (1997) in Immunology Reviews, Vol. 157,5-12.)

Hematopoietic transplants are especially successful in treatmentsinvolving high dose chemotherapy or radiation aiming to destroy existingdiseased blood cells or tumors, thereby limiting the blood, stroma andimmune patients' ability to regenerate cells of the blood and immunesystem. The donated stem cells are infused into a patient's vein and ifthe transplant is successful, the donated hematopoietic stem cells willgrow in number and restore the recipient's marrow and its blood-formingfunction.

Despite expanding roles for autologous bone marrow or peripheral bloodstem cells, many indications require allogeneic transplantation, due tothe potential risk of transferring malignant cells with the transplantin patients with malignant disease after autologous stem celltransplantation, and also, because the number of available humanleukocyte antigen (HLA)-identical siblings is often limited. Theprincipal limitations of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation are thelack of suitable fully HLA-matched donors and the complications ofgraft-versus-host disease associated with HLA-disparities.

The finding that placenta blood, also known as umbilical cord blood(UCB) contains high numbers of HSC, a comparable frequency of myeloidand erythroid progenitors to adult bone marrow, a higher proportion ofimmature colony-forming cells, a dec7reased risk of transmission ofinfection and higher percentage of telomerase, promises to circumventmany of the problems (Mayani H, Lansdorp P. in (1998) Stem Cells. 16,153-165). The success of the first transplant performed in 1988 in aFanconi's anemia patient (Gluckman E. et al (1989) in N. Engl. J. Med.,321: 1174-8) has proven that human UCB is a feasible alternative sourceof HSCs and prompted the development of large worldwide Cord Bloodbanking programs (Sirchia G. and Rebulla P. (1999) in Haematologica, 84:738-747)

The most important disadvantage of umbilical cord blood is that averagedonations contain only 1.5 10⁹ nucleated cells as average, one tenth ofthe nucleated cell (NC) dose conventionally used for bone marrowtransplants in adults (Fasouliotis S, and Schenker J. (1999). Eur. J.Obst. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 9: 13-25). Doctors are rarely able toextract more than a few million UCB HSCs, too few to use in a transplantfor an adult, who would ideally get 7 to 10 million CD34+ cells perkilogram body weight (b.w.) but often adequate for a transplant for achild even though a frequent discrepancy still exists between the numberof CD34+ cells reinfused and the engraftment efficiency. Recently someauthors proposed a threshold dose of 5×10⁴ CD34+CD38− cells/kg b.w.below which the trilineage engraftment kinetics are significantly slowerand unpredictable (Henon P H et al. (2001) in J. Biol. Regul. Homeost.Agents. 15, 62-67). This lower NC number implies potential limitationsfor the widespread use of the cord blood. Therefore a major challenge instem cell research is the development of ex vivo culture conditions thatfacilitate in vitro maintenance and expansion of long termtransplantable HSCs. Establishment of such culture systems is aprerequisite for potential ex vivo manipulation and expansion oftransplantable HSCs in several clinical applications such as genetherapy, tumor cell purging, and stem cell transplantation.

There is a need for suitable laboratory conditions wherein stem cellscan be stimulated to expand without losing their stem cell properties,thus increasing the dose of transplantable cells derived from a singledonor to a transplant patient. Expansion of HSCs has proven problematicand scientists face major roadblocks in expanding their use beyond thereplacement of blood and immune system. First, HSCs are unable toproliferate (replicate themselves) and differentiate (become specializedto other cell types) in vitro (Lagasse E., Weissman I L., (2001) inImmunity, 14, 425-436.). Secondly scientists do not have yet an accurateidea of the identity of a true stem cell. Although the ex vivo expansionof long term repopulating cells under stroma free conditions has not yetbeen achieved in a reproducible way, it is suggested that the continuedquest for mechanisms that govern the proliferation and differentiationof hematopoietic stem cells could lead to the development of culturesystems that expand not only committed progenitors but also HSCs(Verfaillie C. (2002). in Nature Immunol. 3, 314-317). Lewis I. et al(2001) in Blood 97, 3441-3449, present the expansion of HUC derivedCD34+ cells in non-contact cultures with feeder cells with a combinationof cytokines and show that these expanded cells can repopulate engraftedNOD/SCID (Non Obese Diabetic/Severe Combined Immunodeficient) mice.Piacibello et al (1997) in Blood 89, 2644-2653 show that CD34+ HUCderived cells rapidly decrease in number and die within three weeks incultures without added cytokines. Piacibello et al (1999) in Blood 93,11, 3736-3749 describe that CD341 HUCcells can be expanded for up to 10weeks in stroma-free cultures in the presence of a cocktail of growthfactors without losing their in vivo repopulating potential as assayedby the repopulation of sublethally irradiated NOD/SCID mice. There isthus still a need for novel or alternative media with or without addedgrowth factors for the expansion of adult stem cells and earlyprogenitor cells such as HSC.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to novel and superior compositions forderiving, maintaining and growing pluripotent and germline competentmammalian embryonic stem cells and the use of these compositions.

In a first aspect of the invention, the composition for deriving,maintaining and growing pluripotent and germline competent human ornon-human mammalian embryonic stem cells is provided comprising aconditioned medium from certain cells and wherein the compositioncontains less than 2 ng/ml of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) asassayed by an immunoassay, e.g. an ELISA using antibodies whichcross-react with rabbit and human LIF such as the mouse monoclonalantibody clone 9824.11 raised against human LIF. Preferably, theconcentration of LIF is less than 1 ng/ml, more preferably less than 0.5ng/ml, still more preferably less than 0.2 ng/ml, still more preferablyless than 0.1 ng/ml, still more preferably less than 0.05 ng/ml and mostpreferably the concentration of LIF is less than 0.02 ng/ml LIF asdetermined with said assay. The composition can include a basic cellculture medium such as, but not limited to, a medium comprising highglucose DMEM with further optional addition of one or more of thecompounds selected from non-essential amino acids, glutamine, a reducingagent and fetal, newborn or adult serum such as fetal bovine serum. Thecells used for conditioning the medium are cells such as immortalfibroblast cell line such as the rabbit fibroblast cell line Rab9 (ATTCCRL-1414).

In another aspect of the invention, the composition for deriving,maintaining and growing pluripotent and germline competent human ornon-human mammalian embryonic stem cells is a composition comprising aconditioned medium from certain cells transfected with a nucleotidesequence encoding LIF. Said nucleotide sequence encodes for mammalianLIF and preferably encodes for rabbit LIF. Said nucleotide sequence canbe a cDNA sequence but is preferably a genomic sequence of the mammalianLIF. The transfected cell line is preferably stably transfected with theLIF encoding nucleotide sequence. The cells used for transfecting anucleotide sequence encoding for LIF can be any mammalian cell but ispreferably a fibroblast cell, more preferably a rabbit fibroblast cellline and most preferably the rabbit Rab9 (ATCC CRL 1414). Thetransfected cells used in this invention are rabbit Rab9 fibroblastcells which are stably transfected with a genomic sequence encoding forrabbit LIF. Such a cell line has been deposited with the BelgianCoordinated Collection of Microorganisms, Belgium under accession numberLMBP 5479CB. The composition can include a basic cell culture mediumsuch as, but not limited to, a medium comprising high glucose DMEM withfurther optional addition of one or more of the compounds selected fromnon-essential amino acids, glutamine, a reducing agent and newborn oradult serum and a fetal serum other than bovine fetal serum such fetalhorse serum, fetal goat serum, fetal sheep serum.

In a third aspect of the invention, the composition for deriving,maintaining and growing pluripotent and germ-line competent human ornon-human mammalian embryonic stem cells is a composition comprising aconditioned medium from certain cells and wherein the composition issupplemented with rabbit LIF, a protein with at least 95% similarity torabbit LIF or a functional derivative thereof. Said protein may beexpressed in a yeast suitable for protein expression such as themethylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris and wherein the nucleotide sequenceencoding for said protein is optionally adapted in order to obtain anoptimized sequence for use in the yeast expression system. The rabbitLIF disclosed in this invention is produced by the Pichia pastorisstrain, which has been deposited at the Belgian Coordinated Collectionof Microorganism, Belgium under accession number MUCL-49925.

The composition can include a basic cell culture medium such as, but notlimited to, a medium comprising high glucose DMEM with further optionaladdition of one of the compounds selected from non-essential aminoacids, glutamine, a reducing agent and fetal, newborn or adult serumsuch as fetal bovine serum.

The present invention discloses the use of these compositions for thegeneration of multipotent or pluripotent embryonic stem cells of nonhuman mammals such as but not limited to mouse and more specifically toMus musculus strains selected from the group 129/SvEv, C57BL/6N,C57BL/6J-HPRT, BALB/cAnN, CBA/CaOla, 129/SvJ, DBA/2N, DBA/1Ola, C3H/HeN,C57BL/6JOla, FVB/DBA1LacJ, CD1, BALB/c, MRL, C57BL/6×CBA and SwissWebster genetic background.

The present invention relates further to multipotent or pluripotentembryonic stem cells of human or non human mammals such as but notlimited to mouse and more specifically to mus musculus strains selectedfrom the group of 129/SvEv, C57BL/6N, C57BL/6J-HPRT, BALB/cAnN,CBA/CaOla, 129/SvJ, DBA/2N, DBA/1Ola, C3H/HeN, C57BL/6JOla, FVB/N,DBA1LacJ, CD1, BALB/c, MRL, C57BL/6×CBA, and Swiss Webster geneticbackground which are obtained by culturing them for at least one passagein the compositions of the present invention.

The present invention relates further to transgenic non human mammalssuch as but not limited to mouse and more specifically to mus musculusstrains selected from the group of 129/SvEv, C57BL/6N, C57BL/6J-HPRT,BALB/cAnN, CBA/CaOla, 129/SvJ, DBA/2N, DBA/1Ola, C3H/HeN, C57BL/6JOla,FVB/N, DBA1LacJ, CD1, BALB/c, MRL, C57BL/6×CBA and Swiss Webster geneticbackground which are obtained by culturing the embryonic stem cells usedfor the generation of said animals for at least one passage in thecompositions of the present invention.

The present invention relates further to methods for producing thecompositions, embryonic stem cells and transgenic animals disclosed inthis invention.

The present invention discloses the use of media conditioned by rabbitcell lines for the generation of embryonic cells and transgenic animalsand is applicable to other non human mammals such as non-human primates,pigs, sheep, cows, mink, horses, goats, sheep, cats, dogs rabbits, rats,hamsters and rodents other than the mouse Mus musculus.

The present invention further discloses methods to obtain embryonic stemcell lines for 30 or more percent of explanted blastocysts.

The present invention also discloses methods to obtain adult progeny viaaggregation cells with embryonic stem cells that have been cultivatedfor at least 16 passages.

The present invention is particularly directed to novel compositions forderiving, maintaining and growing pluripotent and germ-line competentmammalian embryonic stem cells. The compositions include a basic cellculture medium such as, but not limited to, a medium comprising highglucose DMEM, non-essential amino acids, glutamine, a reducing agent andfetal bovine serum, or equivalents thereof, which are preconditioned bya stable cell line such as, but not limited to, the rabbit cell lineRab9 (ATCC CRL-1414) or equivalents thereof, which secrete essentialelements for growth and self renewal of ES cells. It has been found thatthis conditioned media with low amounts and even in the absence of LIFsupports self-renewal of ES cells and allows ES cell derivation.Maintenance of the undifferentiated state, as evidenced by morphologicaland surface marker criteria (presence of alkaline phosphatase andabsence of vimentin and cytokeratin), was superior to that observed withstandard cell culture media to which murine LIF or rabbit LIF was added.

To this composition purified recombinant Leukemia Inhibitory Factor(LIF) can optionally be added, preferably rabbit LIF (Rab-LIF) disclosedin the present invention, or alternatively commercially available LIF.Antibiotics, such as penicillin/streptomycin, and insulin, may also beincluded in the composition. The present invention is also directed to anovel rabbit LIF (Rab-LIF) that maintains ES cells undifferentiated invitro culture and to nucleotides encoding the Rab-LIF. Other ingredientsmay optionally be included in the ES medium, such as interleukins,oncostatins, neurotrophic factors, stem cell factors and fibroblastgrowth factors. Specific examples of these factors are human Interleukin11, human oncostatin M, human ciliary neurotrophic factor,cardiotrophin, Interleukin 6 with its specific receptor and human stemcell factor.

The invention further relates to the use of these ES cell lines forgermline transmission and for the generation of genetically modifiednon-human animals.

The invention further relates to the use of the novel compositions ofthe present invention for the isolation, maintenance and expansion ofprimordial germ cells.

The invention also relates to compositions for the stroma free expansionof mammalian adult stem cells or early progenitor cells. Examples hereofare hematopoietic stem cells and the adult early hematopoieticprogenitor cells The compositions for cultivating ASC compriseconditioned medium of a fibroblast cell line. The fibroblast cell linesis preferably an immortalised cell line, more preferably a rabbit.immortalised fibroblast cell and most preferably the Rab9 (ATCC CRL1414)cell line. The compositions for cultivating ASC preferably comprises noadded cytokines and/or LIF.

The invention also relates to the use of the compositions for expandingASC or early progenitors cells, such as HSC. These HSC are for exampleCD34+ cells which have been isolated from as source such as umbilicalcord, placental blood, peripheral blood and bone marrow. With the use ofthe compositions the total amount of cells are expanded by at least 25fold. With the use of the compositions the amount of CD34+ cells isexpanded by at least 3 fold. With the use of the compositions theexpanded cells are cultivated for at least 15 days. With the use of thecompositions the number of expanded cells which respond positively in anLTC IC assay is increased by at least 15.

The invention further relates to a method for expanding mammalian adultstem cells or early progenitor cells comprising the steps of isolating asource of mammalian adult stem cells or early progenitor cells andcultivating the cells under stroma free conditions in a compositionaccording to the present invention for cultivation ASC. This method canbe applied to hematopoietic stem hematopoietic precursor cells. Thismethod can be performed until an expansion of the ASC by at least 25fold is obtained. This method can be performed until the amount ofnucleated cells is expanded by at least 10 fold. This method can beperformed until the amount of CD34+ cells have been expanded by at least3 fold This method can be performed for at least 15 days This method canbe performed until the number of expanded cells which respond positivelyin an LTC IC assay is increased by at least 15 fold. This method can beperformed in order to obtain expanded HSC cells which can repopulate asublethal irradiated NOD/SCID (Non Obese Diabetic/Severe CombinedImmunodeficient) mouse.

The present invention also relates to the use of media conditioned by astable cell line for the expansion of hematopoietic stem cells from bonemarrow, fetal blood umbilical cord blood and peripheral blood. Thecompositions include a basic cell culture medium such as, but notlimited to, a medium comprising high glucose DMEM, non-essential aminoacids, glutamine, a reducing agent and fetal bovine serum, orequivalents thereof, which are preconditioned by a stable cell line suchas, but not limited to, the rabbit cell line Rab9 (ATCC CRL-1414) orequivalents thereof, which secrete essential elements for growth andself renewal of hematopoietic stem cells.

The present invention will now be described with reference to thefollowing drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the nucleotide sequence [SEQ. ID.: NO 1] of rabbit LIF(Rab-LIF) cDNA along with the peptide sequence thereof [SEQ. ID.: NO 2].

FIG. 2 shows the nucleotide [SEQ. ID.: NO 3] and amino acid [SEQ. ID.:NO 4] sequence of rabbit LIF cDNA optimized for expression in Pichiapastoris.

FIG. 3 shows the initial outgrowth (passage 0) of attached blastocystsfrom C57BL6/N mouse, when cultured in A) enriched basic medium withadded murine LIF (1,000 IU/ml); B) enriched basic medium with addedRab-LIF (10-20 ng/ml); C) basic medium conditioned on Rab9 fibroblastcells; D) basic medium conditioned on the Rab9 #19 fibroblast cell line;E) enriched basic medium.

FIG. 4 shows the morphology of ES cell colonies after 1 passage in A)enriched basic medium with added murine LIF (1,000 IU/ml); B) enrichedbasic medium with added Rab-LIF C) basic medium conditioned on Rab9fibroblast cells; D) basic medium conditioned on the Rab9 #19 fibroblastcell line; E) enriched basic medium.

FIG. 5 shows the growth of expanded nucleated cells (depicted asexpansion factor of the original population) of HUC derived CD34+ cellsin different media. legend: full line with square: medium conditionedwith Rab9#19 cells; full line with triangles: medium conditioned withRab9 cells; full line with circle: basic ES medium; dotted line withcircle: basic ES medium with added cytokines.

FIG. 6: Expansion of CD 34+ positive cells (depicted as expansion factorof the original CD34+ positive cells) in cultures of HUC derivedCD34positive cells in different media. legend: full line with squares:medium conditioned with Rab9#19 cells; full line with triangles: mediumconditioned with Rab9 cells.

FIG. 7: Expansion of LTC-IC positive cells (depicted as expansion factorof the original LTC-IC positive cells) in cultures of HUC derived CD34positive cells in different media. legend: full line with squares:medium conditioned with Rab9#19 cells; full line with triangles: mediumconditioned with Rab9 cells.

DEFINITIONS

Embryonic stem (abbreviated ES) cells in the present invention are celllines isolated from the inner cell mass (ICM) of blastocyst-stageembryos or derived from the primordial germ cells from apost-implantation embryo (primordial or embryonal germ cells). ES cellscan be maintained under specific conditions in culture for many passageswithout loss of their pluripotency.Pluripotent or multipotent in the present invention means that stemcells can give rise to different types of cells and tissue includingcells and tissues supporting the pregnancy but are unable to give riseto cells of the germ line (sperm cells and egg cells).Germ line competent, totipotent or omnipotent in the present inventionmeans that stem cells can give rise to all types of cells and tissueincluding cells of the germ line (sperm cells and egg cells)Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) as used herein refers to a mammalianprotein, originally cloned and sequenced by Gearing et al. (1987) EMBOJ. 6, 3995-4002 which enables the derivation, growth and maintenance ofundifferentiated embryonic stem cells derived from the inner cell massof blastocysts. It refers also to splice variants of LIF and to variantsof LIF wherein one or more amino acids are mutated, inserted or deletedwith the restriction that the variant LIF is at least 95% identical towild type LIF and that it enables the derivation, growth and maintenanceof undifferentiated embryonic stem cells derived from the inner cellmass of blastocysts.Functional protein fragment of LIF as used herein refers to a LIFprotein with N or C terminal deletions, which still enable thederivation, growth and maintenance of undifferentiated embryonic stemcells derived from the inner cell mass of blastocysts.“not enriched with cytokines and/or LIF” in the present invention in thecontext of ASC means that the composition wherein cells are maintainedor expanded, is not enriched with additional cytokines or LIF. Additionor enrichment means supplementation to the composition of cytokines orLIF as a protein. It also means the supplementation of these compoundsvia the transient or stable transfection of cells which are used for theconditioning of the medium.“adult stem cells” as used herein relates to multipotent adult stemcells isolated from a mammal, such as rodents (e.g. mouse and rat) andprimates, especially humans. Adult stem cells or derived from anon-embryonic organ or tissue and have the capacity to be induced todifferentiate to form at least one differentiated cell type ofmesodermal, ectodermal and endodermal origin. The organ or tissue fromwhich the adult stem cells are isolated are for example, but not limitedto, bone marrow, umbilical cord blood or placenta. The different typesof cells that can be obtained from adult stem cells are depending, fromthe type of adult stem cell, for example osteoblasts, chondrocytes,adipocytes, fibroblasts, marrow stroma, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle,cardiac muscle, ocular, endothelial, epithelial, hepatic, pancreatic,hematopoietic, glial, neuronal or oligodendrocytes.“adult early progenitor cells” in the present invention refers tocommitted cells which have lost one or a few of the markers of the stemcell they originate from, but are still able to differentiate in anumber of cell lineages, but less than the stem cell they are derivedfrom.“hematopoietic stem cell” (abbreviated as HSC) is a cell isolated fromperipheral blood, umbilical cord blood or bone marrow that can renewitself, can differentiate to a variety of specialized cells. HSCs canrepopulate the erythroid, neutrophil-macrophage, megakaryocyte andlymphoid hemopoietic cell pool. HSC express CD34, c-kit and thy1, but donot express CD38.

Deposits of Cell Lines

The P. pastoris X33 (RbL) expressing rabbit LIF was deposited withaccession number MUCL42925) on Jul. 5, 2000, by Thromb-X (Leopoldstraat1, 3000 Leuven, Belgium) in the Belgian Coordinated Collections ofMicroorganisms (BCCM) Mycothèque de l'Université Catholique de Louvain(MUCL) PlaceCroix du Sud, B 1348 Louvain la Neuve, Belgium.

The rabbit fibroblast cell line expressing rabbit LIF (Rab9#19 clone)was deposited with accession number LMBP 5479CB) on Apr. 7, 2000 byThromb-X (Leopoldstraat 1, 3000 Leuven, Belgium) in the BelgianCoordinated Collections of Microorganisms (BCCM) Laboratorium voorMoleculaire Biologie-Plasmidencollectie (LMBP) Universiteit Gent, K. L.Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the use of the disclosed compositionsfor the derivation, maintenance and growth of pluripotent andgermline-competent mammalian embryonic stem (ES) cell lines, asexemplified in mouse strains. These improved culture conditions can beused to generate stable murine ES cells from many different geneticbackgrounds, with superior potential for germine transmission. Thistechnology is also applicable to other non human mammalian species(rabbits, pigs, cattle, etc.) and can form the basis for targetedtransgenesis with gain-of-function or loss-of-function in non-murinespecies.

The compositions consist of a basic cell culture medium, which ispreconditioned by a stable cell line, that secretes essential elementsfor growth and self-renewal of ES cells. To these compositions purifiedrecombinant Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) can optionally be added,e.g. in low amounts.

In one embodiment, the basic cell culture medium is high glucoseDulbecco's modified Eagle's medium DMEM, with non-essential amino acids,glutamine, beta-mercaptoethanol and fetal bovine serum, and the stablecell line is a rabbit fibroblast-like cell line Rab9 (ATCC CRL-1414).The optional addition of LIF preferably consists of the newly disclosedrabbit LIF (Rab-LIF) which helps maintain ES cells undifferentiated inin vitro culture, and which is obtained by expression of an optimizedcDNA sequence in Pichia pastoris.

LIF secreted by cells into the medium can be determined via aquantitative immunoassay such as linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA), aradio immunoassay (RIA), an immuno radio metric assay (IRMA), afluorescent immunoassay (FIA), a chemiluminescent immuno assay (CLIA) oran electro chemiluminescent immuno assay (ECL) using antibodies againstLIF. In this invention an ELISA using a monoclonal antibody withreactivity against rabbit LIF, such as the mouse monoclonal antibodyClone 9824.11 raised against human LIF, is preferred as a reference. Anexample of such an assay is the Quantikine Human LIF immunoassay (Cat NoDLF00, R&D Systems Minneapolis, Minn., USA).

The compositions of the invention may have a varying amount ofadditional constituents provided that their amount is sufficient tomaintain ES cells undifferentiated for prolonged periods in culture

The composition of the invention comprises conditioned medium of thefibroblast-like cell line in a medium selected but not limited toPhosphate Buffered Saline (PBS), Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium(DMEM), Iscove's Modified, Dulbecco's medium, McCoy 5A medium, MinimalEssential Media Eagle (MEM), RPMI 1640, Medium 199, MCDB Medium, RPMI,Glasgow minimum Essential Media Eagle (GMEM), DMEM/F-12 Media, Hams F-10Nutrient mixture, Leibovitz's L15 Media, CMRL Media, BGJb Medium, BasalMedium Eagle (BME), Brimster's BMOC-3 Medium, William's Media E andMcCoy's Media or adaptations thereof. To the composition further areducing agent such as beta-mercapto ethanol or dithiothreitol.

In the composition containing conditioned medium of cells, which are nottransfected with DNA encoding LIF, the medium is supplemented withadult, newborn or fetal serum. In the composition with conditionedmedium from cells transfected with DNA encoding LIF, the serum can beadult or newborn mammalian serum or non bovine fetal serum such ashorse, goat and sheep fetal serum.

A preferred example of a composition of the invention comprises perliter conditioned medium of the fibroblast-like cell line, an addedvolume of 50 to 120, preferably 80 ml of fetal bovine serum, 10 to 25,preferably 17 ml non-essential amino acids, 2 to 8, preferably 5 μlβ-mercaptoethanol, 0.5 to 2.5, preferably 1.25 ml insulin, and 80 to 130ml basal ES cell medium.

Preferably, the basal ES cell medium consists of 400 to 600, preferably500 ml DMEM high glucose, 0 to 15, preferably 13 mlpenicillin/streptomycin, 10 to 15, preferably 13 ml non essential aminoacids, 10 to 15, preferably 13 ml glutamine, 5 to 10, preferably 6.3 μlβ-mercaptoethanol, 50 to 100, preferably 70 ml fetal bovine serum,neutral pH of preferably 7.4.

The invention further relates to processes to derive and to culturemammalian ES stem cells to obtain pluripotent and germline-competent EScells, wherein the culturing of the mammalian ES stem cells is at leastpartially performed in a composition according to the invention anddescribed above. Such a process comprises the steps of: a) culturingcells of blastocyst stage embryos; b) culturing isolated inner masscells; and c) passaging the inner mass cells periodically in acomposition of the invention. Preferably, the inner mass cells areperiodically passaged for at least 8 times. The process may furthercomprise the step of producing transgenic animals.

According to a further aspect thereof the invention relates to embryonicstem (ES) cell lines with germline transmission capability. The cellline is preferably a murine cell line, but other animal cell lines arealso possible. In case of a murine cell line, the cell line can bederived from cells or tissues of 129/SvEV, C57BL/6N, C57BL/6J-HPRT,BALB/cAnN, CBA/CaOla, 129/SvJ, DBA/2N, DBA/1CaOla, C3H/HeN, C57BI/6Ola,FVB/N, DBA1LacJ, CD1, BALB/c, MRL, C57BL/6×CBA, or Swiss Webster geneticbackgrounds. The murine cell lines preferably have a germlinetransmission capability after 11 or more passages. The embryonic stem(ES) cell lines of the invention are characterized by three dimensionalcolony formation, positive staining for alkaline phosphatase andnegative staining for cytokeratin 18 and vimentin after more than 10passages. These embryonic stem (ES) cell lines may be used in thegeneration of chimeric or ES cell derived animals, in the genealteration by homologous or non-homologous recombination, in thegeneration of animals with gene alteration via germline transmission,for the generation of chimeric animals, for the generation of chimericanimals following blastocyst injection into recipient blastocysts ordiploid or tetraploid embryo aggregation, or nuclear transfer, for thestudy or isolation of (novel) genes or for the expression oroverexpression of genes.

The compositions of the present invention show superior characteristicsin maintaining the phenotype of embryonic stem cells of different micestrains.

The present invention also shows that the properties of these novelcompositions also apply to stem cells other than embryonic stem cell.

The present invention thus, relates to the use of the disclosedcompositions for the maintenance and growth of adult stem cells andearly progenitor cells, as exemplified with HUC derived CD34+ cells.

In one embodiment of the invention cultures of adult stem cells or adultearly progenitors cells are maintained and expanded in the compositionsof the present invention under stroma free conditions, this is in theabsence of a direct contact with feeder cells or in the absence of anindirect contact with feeder cells (non contact cultures). Thecompositions for the expansion of ASC according to the present inventionare conditioned by fibroblast cells, preferably immortalized fibroblastcells, and more preferably rabbit immortalized fibroblast cells such asthe Rab9 cell line (ATCC CRL-1414). The present invention shows thatthese compositions are superior over basal ES media for theproliferation and maintenance of adult stem cells or early progenitorcells such as HSC or hematopoietic precursor cells. The compositions cancomprise additional LIF (added protein, or LIF produced by transfectedcells used for conditioning the medium). In a preferred embodimenthowever, the compositions for adults stem cells have no added LIF. Onone hand, the absence of LIF has does have an influence on theproliferation capacity of ASC capacity. On the other hand the presenceof LIF is known to stimulate the differentiation of cells such HSC intothe myeloid lineage. The absence of LIF has a thus a positive effect onmaintaining the undifferentiated properties of at least HSC or earlyhematopoietic progenitor cells.

In a more preferred embodiment of the invention the compositions for thecultivation of ASC have not been enriched, that is have no addedcytokines or growth factors. Cytokines or growth factors which aretypically added to media for cultivating for example HSC orhematopoietic precursor cells are for example Flt3 ligand, IL-6(Interleukin), soluble IL-6 receptor, Tpo (thrombopoetin), SCF (stemcell factor), Interleukin-7, Interleulin 8, G-CSF (granulocytecolony-stimulating factor)(MIP-1a) macrophage-inflammatory protein-1a,MCP (monocyte-chemoattractant protein-1) (VEGF) vascular endothelialcell growth factor. In accordance with the present invention theaddition of cytokines such as mentioned above, can be omitted for theproliferation and maintenance of adult stem cells or early progenitorcells such as HSC or hematopoietic precursor cells.

Thus, in a preferred embodiment of the invention the composition forcultivating ASC such as HSC is performed in a composition to whichneither LIF, neither cytokines are added.

In one embodiment of the invention the compositions of the presentinvention are used for maintaining the phenotype of adult stem cells andadult early progenitors cells. As an example hereof the inventiondescribes the applicability of maintaining for a prolonged period thestem cell properties of HUC (human umbilical cord) derived hematopoieticstem cells.

Adult stem cells and/or early progenitor cells such as HSC or earlyhematopoietic precursor cells can, according to the present invention bepassaged after isolation for at least 15 days in culture, preferably atleast 30 days in culture, more preferably for at least 60 days inculture, even more preferably for at least 90 days in culture and evenmore preferably for at least 180 days in culture.

Adult stem cells and/or early progenitor cells such as HSC or earlyhematopoietic precursor cells can, according to the present invention beexpanded by at least 10 fold, preferably by at least 25 fold, morepreferably by at least 40 fold, even more preferably by at least 100fold, and most preferably by at least 1000 fold.

The amount of CD34+ adult stem cells and/or early progenitor cells suchas HSC or early hematopoietic precursor cells can, according to thepresent invention be expanded by at least 5 fold, preferably by at least10 fold, more preferably by at least 50 fold, even more preferably by atleast 250 fold, and most preferably by at least 1000 fold.

The potential of expanded adult stem cells and/or early progenitor cellssuch as HSC or early hematopoietic precursor cells can, according to thepresent invention be expanded by at least 5 fold, preferably by at least15 fold, more preferably by at least 50 fold, even more preferably by atleast 250 fold, and most preferably by at least 1000 fold as assayed byan assay such as the LTC IC assay wherein the capacity to expand intomyeloid progenitors is evaluated.

The expanded ASC such as HSC can after cultivation for at least 15 days,preferably at least 28 days, and more preferably for at least 60 daysand most preferably for at least 90 days, engraft sublethal irradiatedNOD/SCID mice

The HSC cells which are cultivated according to the present inventionare can be serially passaded to secondary NOD/SCID mice.

The invention will be illustrated in the following examples that are notintended to limit the scope of the invention. Based on the presentinvention, several variations and improvements will be obvious to thoseskilled in the art.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Production of Recombinant Rabbit Leukemia InhibitoryFactor (Rab-LIF)

The above-referenced method and ES cell medium can optionally includeLIF, preferably recombinant Rab-LIF, to help maintain ES cellsundifferentiated and capacity to produce germline transmission. In FIG.1, the nucleotide sequence of Rab-LIF is provided along with the peptidesequence thereof.

Rab-LIF may be prepared by a number of methods, typically by one of themany molecular biological tools, i.e., expression systems, available tobiologists. In such a case, DNA molecules encoding Rab-LIF protein maybe operably linked to DNA molecules encoding a transcription promoterand terminator to create an expression cassette. The DNA moleculecontaining the promoter, terminator and Rab-LIF-encoding DNA may then beintroduced into a cell for production of the Rab-LIF protein.Preferably, a DNA encoding a secretion signal is operably linked to theRab-LIF-encoding DNA in such a manner that active Rab-LIF is secretedfrom the cell.

The promoter may be constitutive, inducible or tissue-specific, thechoice of which typically depends upon the cells in which it is desiredto produce the Rab-LIF protein, and under which conditions. As describedherein in Example 1, recombinant Rab-LIF is produced in Pichia pastorisand is operably linked with the yeast alpha factor secretion signal, andthe alcohol oxidase 1 (AOX1) promoter. Alternatively, theRab-LIF-encoding DNA may be operably linked to appropriate promoters,enhancers or terminators (collectively, “control sequences”) forexpression in prokaryotic cells or higher eukaryotic cells such asmammalian cells and insect cells.

Recombinant Rab-LIF was produced using the methylotrophic yeast Pichiapastoris expression system from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, Calif.). TheRab-LIF gene was isolated from a rabbit genomic library Lambda DASH II(Stratagene, # 945950) and the cDNA encoding the mature Rab-LIF proteinwas assembled by spliced overlap extension polymerase chain reaction(SOE-PCR) using standard procedures.

The Rab-LIF cDNA was used as template in consecutive PCR and SOE-PCRreactions to optimize the gene for expression in P. pastoris, bymodifying the codon usage. The nucleotide sequence of this Rab-LIFoptimized cDNA is shown in FIG. 2.

The primer in the PCR reaction was designed to allow precise in framefusion of the mature Rab-LIF sequence with the alpha factor secretionsignal in the pPICZα vector (Invitrogen). This allows the isolation ofthe recombinant protein from transformed Pichia pastoris culturesupernatant. This primer introduced also an extra alanine codon(underlined in the sequence above) in front of the mature Rab-LIF codingsequence to facilitate the Kex2 processing of the alpha factor secretionsignal. The LY-RLIF-PD primer contained a Notl site. The product waspurified, digested with Xhol and Notl, and cloned in the correspondingsites of the vector pPiCZα, yielding pPICZα-RLIF100. In this vector,expression of the Rab-LIF is directed by the strong alcohol oxidase I(AOX1) promoter.

Prior to transformation in P. pastoris, the vector pPICZα-RLIF100 waslinearized by digestion with BstX1, cutting in the 5′ AOX1 untranslatedsequence, to allow stable integration of the expression module in theAOX1 chromosomal locus. All the yeast manipulation was further performedas recommended by the supplier. The P. pastoris transformant X33 (RbL)was finally selected as Rab-LIF yeast expression strain and deposited inthe Belgian Coordinated Collections of Microorganisms with accessionnumber MUCL42925)

It should be noted that the expression cassette described above isstably integrated in the chromosome. The X33 (RbL) strain was depositedin the BCCM Collection on Jul. 5, 2000. The optimized nucleotidesequence for expression in Pichia forms a part of the present invention.

The nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequence of the Rab-LIF cDNA,which has not previously been reported, are shown in FIG. 1. Thenucleotide sequence was determined according to the standard method ofSanger et al.

The Rab-LIF nucleic acid sequence of the mature protein was manuallycompared to the human LIF sequence (Gough et al. 1988, accession M63420& J05436 and mouse LIF sequence (Gearing et al. 1987, accession M63419 &J05435.) A homology of 90% was found between the nucleic acid sequenceof human and rabbit LIF. A homology of 77% was found between the nucleicacid sequence of mouse and rabbit LIF. The corresponding homologies ofthe optimized cDNA for expression in Pichia pastoris were 61% withmurine and 70% with human LIF.

Example 2 Production of ES Cell Culture Medium Preconditioned with Rab9

In one embodiment of the present invention, basic ES cell medium,conditioned by confluent monolayer cultures of the Rab9 fibroblastcells, is collected for 4 consecutive days and the conditioned media arepooled for use in ES cell culture. Each day 15 cm Petri dishes arerefreshed with 25 ml of basic ES medium. After 4 days each 15 cm Petridish is split at a ratio of 1 to 4. The first day after splitting, themedium is discarded. To 1 liter of conditioned basic ES medium (from themixture of the 4 collection days), 80 ml fetal bovine serum, 17 mlnon-essential amino acids, 20 ml glutamine, 6.3 μl β-mercaptoethanol,1.25 ml insulin and 80 ml basal medium is added and the pH is adjustedto 7.4. The basic medium was composed of: 500 ml DMEM high glucose, 70ml fetal bovine serum, 13 ml penicillin/streptomycin, 13 ml glutamine,6.3 μl β-mercaptoethanol, and 13 ml non-essential amino acids. Enrichedbasic medium is basic medium to which another 4% (v:v) fetal bovineserum is added.

In other embodiments, the production of conditioned basic ES medium canbe scaled up using standard procedures such as roller bottles, cellfactories or bioreactors.

Example 3 Derivation and Culture of Murine Embryonic Stem (ES) Cells 1.Mouse Strains and ES Cells

ES cells can be derived amongst others from the following commerciallyavailable mouse strains: 129/SvEvTaconic (Taconic, Germantown, N.Y.,USA); C57BU6NTacfBr (Taconic); BALB/cAnNTacfBr (Taconic); DBA/2NTacfBR(Taconic); C3H/HeNTac MTVfBe (Taconic); FVB/NTacfBR (Taconic); Tac:(SW)fBR, Swiss Webster (Taconic); 129/SvJ (The Jackson Laboratory, BarHarbor, Me., USA); C57BL/6J-HPRT <B-M3> (The Jackson Laboratory);C57BL/6JOlaHsd (Harlan, Indianapolis, Ind., USA); CBA/CaOlaHsd (Harlan);DBA/1OlaHsd (Harlan), DBA1LacJ, CD1, BALB/c, MRL, C57BL/6×CBA.

2. Derivation of Murine ES Cells

ES cells can be derived from 3.5-4.5 days old blastocyst stage murineembryos, which can be collected and plated individually on a 96 welldish covered with a mitotically arrested mouse embryonic fibroblastfeeder monolayer. The blastocysts are allowed to attach to themonolayer, and refed every day with conditioned ES cell medium of thepresent invention (see Example 2), with basic ES medium with or withoutaddition of murine LIF or Rab-LIF, or with ES cell medium conditionedwith the Rab9#19 cell line which secreted endogenous Rab-LIF (seebelow).

After 5-6 days in culture, the inner cell mass (ICM) outgrowth isselectively removed from the (remaining) trophectoderm and replatedafter trypsinization with trypsin-EDTA on a 96 well dish with mitomycinarrested murine fibroblasts. Subsequently the ES cells are graduallyplated on larger culture dishes. ES cells can remain undifferentiatedfor more than 20 passages by using conditioned ES cell medium of thepresent invention.

Fibroblast feeder layers can be obtained from murine embryos of 12.5days post-coitus pregnant mice. The mice are sacrificed, and the utericollected and placed in a petri dish containing phosphate bufferedsaline (PBS). The embryos are dissected out of the uterus and allmembranes removed. The embryos are transferred into a new dishcontaining PBS, the head and all internal organs removed and thecarcasses washed in PBS to remove blood. The carcasses are then mincedusing 2 insulin syringes into cubes of 2 to 3 mm in diameter, andincubated in Trypsin-EDTA/MEM solution (10/90 V/V) at 4° C. for 2 hrs.The suspension is then incubated at 37° C. for 15 min, a single cellsuspension made using a 5 ml pipette, and plated at 5×10⁶ cells per 1.80mm petri dish in 25 ml Feeder Medium.

Feeder Medium consisted of 500 ml Dulbecco's Minimal Essential Medium(DMEM), 10% fetal calf serum (FCS), 13 ml penicillin/streptomycin, 13 mlglutamine, 13 ml non-essential amino acids, 2.3 μl β-mercaptoethanol.The medium is changed after 24 hr to remove debris. After 2 to 3 days ofculture the fibroblasts reaches a confluent monolayer. The plates arethen trypsinized, replated on 2 petri dishes, and, when confluent, thecells of each plate are frozen in 2 vials, kept at −80° C. overnight andtransferred to liquid nitrogen the next day.

3. Culture of ES cells

ES cells are grown to subconfluency on mouse embryonic fibroblastsmitotically arrested with mitomycin. Culture dishes are kept at 39° C.in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO₂ in air. The ES cells are passagedevery 2-3 days onto freshly prepared feeder dishes. The ES cells are fedevery day with the conditioned ES cell medium.

4. Comparison

In one aspect of the invention, the blastocysts were obtained from thenatural matings of C57BL/6N TacfBr (Taconic) mice. The blastocysts werecultured with: a) enriched basic medium (see below); b) enriched basicmedium with added murine LIF (10001 U/ml); c) enriched basic medium withadded Rab-LIF (10 ng/ml); d) enriched basic medium with added Rab-LIF(20 ng/ml); e) basic medium conditioned on Rab9 fibroblast cellsaccording to example 2; or f) basic medium conditioned on the Rab9 #19fibroblast cell line (see below).

The basic medium was composed of: 500 ml DMEM high glucose, 70 ml fetalbovine serum, 13 ml penicillin/streptomycin, 13 ml glutamine, 6.3 μlβ-mercaptoethanol, and 13 ml non-essential amino acids. Enriched basicmedium is basic medium to which another 4% (v:v) fetal bovine serum isadded.

The basic medium conditioned by the Rab9 fibroblast cells is obtained asillustrated in Example 2. To 1 liter of conditioned basic ES medium(from the mixture of the 4 collection days), 80 ml fetal bovine serum,17 ml non-essential amino acids, 20 ml glutamine, 6.3 μlβ-mercaptoethanol, 1.25 ml insulin and 80 ml basal medium is added andthe pH is adjusted to 7.4. This conditioned medium contains unmeasurablelevel (less than 20 pg/ml) of Rab-LIF as determined with the ELISA forhuman LIF of R&D Systems (Minneapolis, Minn., USA).

Basic medium, conditioned by the Rab9#19 fibroblast cells, is collectedfor 4 consecutive days as described for Rab9 in Example 2. To 1 liter ofconditioned basic ES medium (from the mixture of the 4 collection days),80 ml fetal bovine serum, 17 ml non-essential amino acids, 20 mlglutamine, 6.3 μl β-mercaptoethanol, 1.25 ml insulin and 80 ml basalmedium is added and the pH is adjusted to 7.4. Rab9#19 are Rab9fibroblast cells which have been stably transfected with the rabbitLeukemia Inhibitory Factor gene and which secrete up to 30 ng/ml/day ofRab-LIF in the medium as determined with the ELISA for human LIF of R&DSystems (Minneapolis, Minn., USA).

The blastocysts are allowed to attach to the feeder layer. The culturemedium is refreshed every day. After approximately 1 week in culture,the ICM outgrowth is removed from the trophectoderm and aftertrypsinization passed onto a new 96 well dish covered with a feederlayer of mitomycin C arrested murine fibroblasts. The ES cells aresubsequently gradually passed onto larger culture dishes with a feederlayer. After 5 to 10 passages, the number of established ES cell linesis counted for each of the culture conditions. The undifferentiatedcharacter of the established ES cell lines is determined byimmunochemical staining for the presence of alkaline phosphatase (VectorLaboratories Inc., Burlingame, Calif.), or for the absence of vimentinand cytokeratin (both Dako A/S, Denmark). Only ES cell lines, whichconsist for more then 90% of undifferentiated cells are maintained inculture.

Enriched basic medium alone did not allow ES cell derivation. ICMoutgrowth rapidly differentiated before or during the first passage(FIG. 3E and FIG. 4E).

TABLE I Efficiency of murine C57BL6/N ES cell derivation Number ofNumber of ES cell lines blastocysts established Culture medium explantedNumber % Enriched basic medium 21 0 0% Enriched basic medium with 26 623% added murine LIF (1000 IU/ml) Enriched basic medium with 21 6 28%added Rab-LIF (10 ng/ml) Enriched basic medium with 22 5 23% addedRab-LIF (20 ng/ml) Basic medium conditioned on 35 17 48% Rab9 fibroblastcells Basic medium conditioned on 18 9 50% the Rab9 #19 fibroblast cellline

When either murine LIF or RabLIF was added to the enriched basic medium,the efficiency of ES cell derivation increased to approximately 25%after 3 passages. The efficiency of ES cell derivation with eithermurine or rabbit LIF was comparable. The efficiency of ES cellderivation increased to approximately 50% when Rab9 conditioned mediumwas used in the absence of endogenous or added LIF. A similar ES cellderivation efficiency was obtained when basic medium was conditionedwith the Rab9#19 cell line, which secreted endogenous Rab-LIF.

When blastocysts were cultured in basic medium conditioned on Rab9 orRab9#19 fibroblast cells (FIGS. 3C and D), there was a facilitatedoutgrowth of inner cell mass cells. In enriched basic medium with addedmurine LIF or Rab-LIF, partial differentiation of the inner cell mass oroutgrowth of throphectodermal cells was seen (cfr FIGS. 3A and B).

Already after one passage, a difference was observed in the morphologyof ES cell colonies in different culture media. Enriched basic mediumwith added murine or Rab-LIF (FIGS. 4A and B) gave rise to rather flatES colonies, while the use of basic medium conditioned on Rab9 orRab9#19 fibroblast cells (FIGS. 4C and D) resulted in three-dimensionalES cell colonies. When basic medium was used all cells weredifferentiated after 1 passage (FIG. 4A). The results described abovewere preliminary results obtained after 3 weeks of culture. In a coupleof instances, ES cells were obtained between 3 weeks and 2 months. Thecumulative frequencies are summarised in table II.

TABLE II Final efficiency of murine C57BL6/N ES cell derivation after 2months of culture. Number of Number of ES cell blastocysts linesestablished Culture medium explanted Number % enriched basic medium 21 00% enriched basic medium with added 26 9 34% murine LIF (1000 IU/ml)enriched basic medium with added Rab- 21 8 38% LIF (10 ng/ml) enrichedbasic medium with added Rab- 22 8 36% LIF (20 ng/ml) basic mediumconditioned on Rab9 35 18 51% fibroblast cells basic medium conditionedon the Rab9 18 11 61% #19 fibroblast cell line In table II, only ES celllines, which remained in an undifferentiated state during at least 10passages, were considered as established ES cell lines.

When either murine LIF, long RabLIF or 20 ng RabLIF were added to theenriched basic medium, efficiency of ES cell derivation were 34%, 38%and 36% respectively. The efficiency of ES cell derivation with eithermurine or rabbit LIF was comparable. An ES cell derivation efficiency of51% was obtained when Rab9 conditioned medium was used in the absence ofendogenous or added LIF. An ES cell derivation efficiency of 61% wasobtained when basic medium was conditioned with the Rab9#19 cell line,which secreted endogenous Rab-LIF. These differences (51% versus 61%)are not statistically significant (Chi Square analysis, P=NS).

5. Further Embodiment

In a second illustration of this invention, the blastocysts wereobtained from the natural mating of FVB/NtacfBR (Taconic, Germantown,N.Y., USA) mice and from the natural mating of BALB/cAnNTacfBr(Taconic). The blastocysts were cultured with basic medium conditionedon Rab9 fibroblast cells according to example 11.

The basic medium was composed of: 500 ml DMEM high glucose, 70 ml fetalbovine serum, 13 ml penicillin/streptomycin, 13 ml glutamine, 6.3 μlβ-mercaptoethanol, and 13 ml non-essential amino acids. Enriched basicmedium is basic medium to which another 4% (v:v) fetal bovine serum isadded.

The basic medium conditioned by the Rab9 fibroblast cells is obtained asillustrated in Example II. To 1 liter of conditioned basic ES medium(from the mixture of the 4 collection days), 80 ml fetal bovine serum,17 ml non-essential amino acids, 20 ml glutamine, 6.3 μlβ-mercaptoethanol, 1.25 ml insulin and 80 ml basic medium is added andthe pH adjusted to 7.4. This conditioned medium contains unmeasurablelevels (less than 20 pg/ml) of Rab-LIF as determined with the ELISA forhuman LIF of R&D Systems (Minneapolis, Minn., USA), which fullycross-reacts with rabbit LIF.

TABLE III Efficiency of ES cell derivation from FVB/N and Balb/C mice.Number of Number of ES cell blastcysts lines established Mouse strainexplanted number % FVB/N 20 8 40 BALB/c 34 15 44

The blastocysts are allowed to attach to the feeder layer. The culturemedium is refreshed every day. After approximately 1 week in culture,the ICM outgrowth is removed from the trophectoderm and aftertrypsinization passed onto a new 96 well dish covered with a feederlayer of mitomycin C arrested murine fibroblasts. The ES cells aresubsequently gradually passed onto larger culture dishes with a feederlayer. After 2 months of culture, the number of established ES celllines is counted for each of the strains. The undifferentiated characterof the established ES cell lines is determined by immunochemicalstaining for the presence of alkaline phosphatase (Vector LaboratoriesInc., Burlingame, Calif.), or for the absence of vimentin andcytokeratin (both Dako A/S, Denmark). Only ES cell lines, which we wereable to keep in culture in an undifferentiated state (more then 90% ofundifferentiated cells) during at least 10 passages, were considered asestablished ES cell lines.

The basic medium conditioned by the Rab9 fibroblast cells allows thederivation of embryonic stem cells from the FVB/N as well as from theBALB/c strain. After two months of culture 8 established ES cell linesare counted for the FVB/N strain and 15 ES cell lines for the BALB/cstrain. This implies an overall derivation efficiency of respectively40% and 44%.

Example 4 Generation of Chimeric and ES Cell Derived Animals

The ability of the ES cells to colonize the germline of a host embryocan be tested by injection of these ES cells into host blastocysts, orby their aggregation with morula-stage diploid embryos or 4-celledtetraploid embryos, and implanting these chimeric preimplantationembryos into pseudopregnant foster recipients according to standardprocedures. The resulting chimeric offspring can be test bred forgermline transmission of the ES cell genome.

1. Blastocyst Injection of ES Cell Clones

The ability of the established ES cell lines from the C57BL/6, FVB/N andBALB/c mice to colonize the germline of a host embryo was tested byinjection of these ES cell lines after 10 or more passages into hostblastocysts and implantation of these chimeric embryos intopseudopregnant foster mothers using standard procedures. In order toallow easy estimation of the percentage chimerism (i.e. contribution ofthe ES cell genome to the chimeric offspring), ES cell lines from mousestrains with colored coats (C57BL/6N) were injected in Swiss Websterblastocysts, whereas ES cell lines from mice with white fur (BALB/c,FVB/N) were chimerized with black C57BL/6N blastocysts. Germlinetransmission of the ES cell genome was then tested by crossing highpercentage chimeras with Swiss Webster or C57BL/6N mice, as appropriate,to establish the ES cell line derived coat color in F1 offspring.

Blastocyst injection was carried out using day 3.5 blastocysts collectedfrom the uteri of superovulated females by flushing with M2 medium(Eurogentec, Seraing, Belgium). Superovulation was induced by injectionof 7.5 I.U. of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG, Sigma, St. Louis,Mo.) followed by injection of 7.5 I.U. of human chorionic gonadotropin(Pregnyl Organon, Oss, The Netherlands) after a 48 hour interval. Thecollected blastocysts were washed with and cultivated in M16 medium(Eurogentec) under 5% CO2 in air at 39° C.

ES cell lines were passaged two days before microinjection on baregelatinized dishes. At the day of microinjection these dishes weretrypsinized with 0.25% trypsin/1 mM EDTA (Invitrogen) for approximately2 minutes at 39° C. The new conditioned cell culture medium was addedand the suspension was pipetted to produce a single-cell suspension.After centrifugation (1100 rpm/min for 5 minutes) the ES cells wereresuspended in the new conditioned cell culture medium and kept at 39°C. in the incubator.

Blastocyst injection was carried out by injecting 15-20 ES cells ofmouse strains with colored coats (C57BU6) into host blastocysts ofalbino Swiss Webster mice, or of ES cells of mice with a white coat(FVB/N, BALB/C) into host blastocysts of black C57BL/6N mice. Afterinjection, blastocysts were reimplanted (7-8 blastocysts in each horn ofthe uterus) into 2.5 days pseudopregnant Swiss Webster females,previously mated to vasectomized males.

Eleven different C57BL/6N ES cell lines were injected into Swiss Websterblastocysts. Every C57BL/6N ES cell line was able to generate chimericpups after blastocyst injection into blastocysts of Swiss Webster mice.All C57BL/6N ES cell lines have shown germline transmission aftercrossing high percentage chimeras with Swiss Webster mice and additionaltesting of the germline transmission capability is performed. Nine FVB/Nand seven BALB/c ES cell lines were injected into C57BL/6N blastocysts.For each of these ES cell lines from the FVB/N strain as well as fromthe BALB/c strain chimeric pups were born after injection of intoblastocysts of C57BL/6N mice. Seven FVB/N ES cell lines and five BALB/cES cell lines have shown germline transmission capability. Additionaltesting of the germline transmission capability is performed.

TABLE IV Production of chimeric mice after injection of Swiss Websterblastocysts with C57BL/6N ES cells, which were derived and cultured withbasic medium conditioned on Rab9 fibroblasts. Passage # blasts # pups EScell line No. No. injected born #chimeras germline C57BL/6N#3 11 48 10 5C57BL/6N#39 10 37 11 6 C57BL/6N#29 17 36 4 4 C57BL/6N#6 15 24 2 1C57BL/6N#29 22 26 5 5 C57BL/6N#6 19 34 8 8 F1/1 C57BL/6N#8 16 44 10 7C57BL/6N#24 14 14 1 1 C57BL/6N#10 17 38 12 6 C57BL/6N#23 21 42 22 16F1/2 C57BL/6N#3 15 32 9 5 C57BL/6N#11 17 61 14 9 C57BL/6N#9 10 29 8 3F1/1 C57BL/6N#3 14 30 7 5 M1/1 C57BL/6N#10 19 31 8 4 F1/3 M1/1C57BL/6N#19 12 31 4 2 M2/2 C57BL/6N#10 18 45 16 12 F1/6 M1/3 C57BL/6N#2417 36 5 4 M1/2 C57BL/6N#11 18 45 11 6 C57BL/6N#3 18 53 8 4 M1/1C57BL/6N#9 11 43 9 1 C57BL/6N#11 18 69 11 11 F1/1 C57BL/6N#11 19 31 8 1C57BL/6N#29 25 32 14 4 M2/2 F1/1 C57BL/6N#3 19 54 10 3 C57BL/6N#9 15 273 2 C57BL/6N#29 28 43 17 7 M2/2 C57BL/6N#3 23 41 15 2 M1/1 C57BL/6N#1122 13 6 1 C57BL/6N#9 18 42 12 1 C57BL/6N#29 30 49 11 1 F0/1 C57BL/6N#399 103 24 14 M1/1 C57BL/6N#24 15 31 9 6 M1/1 F2/2 C57BL/6N#39 12 14 7 3C57BL/6N#19 13 56 20 7 M2/2 F1/1 C57BL/6N#24 14 13 5 5 M1/2 M: germlinetransmission via male chimeras F: germline transmission via femalechimeras

TABLE Va Production of chimeric mice after injection of C57BL/6blastocysts with FVB/N ES cells, which were derived and cultured withbasic medium conditioned on Rab9 fibroblasts. ES cell line Passage#blasts No. No. injected #pups born #chimeras germline FVB/N#7 10 16 7 4M2/2 FVB/N#28 11 13 8 7 (mother died) FVB/N#11 11 30 6 6 M3/3 FVB/N#2 1330 6 2 M1/1 FVB/N#23 14 34 7 4 M2/3 FVB/N#23 14 45 8 7 M2/2 FVB/N#3 1618 3 0 FVB/N#18 18 16 5 3 FVB/N#35 15 70 3 3 M1/1 FVB/N#22 17 58 11 6M3/4 FVB/N#7 14 47 21 14 M4/4 FVB/N#18 24 18 6 1 (died) M: germlinetransmission via male chimeras F: germline transmission via femalechimeras

TABLE Vb Production of chimeric mice after injection of C57BL/6Nblastocysts with BALB/c ES cells, which were derived and cultured withbasic medium conditioned on Rab9 fibroblasts. ES cell line Passage#blasts No. No. injected #pups born #chimeras germline BALB/c#12 10 30 31 BALB/c#9 11 53 8 5 M2/2 BALB/c#9 15 61 6 3 BALB/c#11 16 49 10 8 M1/1BALB/c#4 16 36 3 2 BALB#12 18 64 10 9 M0/2 F1/1 BALB/c#4 20 14 12 7 M1/1BALB/c#4 14 30 8 8 M1/1 BALB/c#11 22 15 6 5 M2/2 BALB/c18 12 24 8 3 M1/1BALB/c#11 27 36 3 3 BALB/c#3 17 29 8 8 BALB/c#4 22 42 13 13 M4/4BALB/c#18 18 16 3 1 BALB/c#18 20 29 8 1 BALB/c#25 28 14 4 4 BALB/c#3 2417 3 1 M: germline transmission via male chimeras F: germlinetransmission via female chimeras

2. Diploid Aggregation of ES Cell Clones

The diploid aggregation method can be executed as follows. Swiss Webster(albino coat colour) females are superovulated with pregnant mare serumgonadotropin followed 44-48 hrs later by 5 units human chorionicgonadotropin. The oviducts of superovulated and mated Swiss Webster miceare flushed 2.5 days after copulation to collect late 8-cell stagediploid embryos. All ES cell lines tested are derived from mice strainswith a coat colour, facilitating identification of chimeric offspring.

Zonae pellucidae of these 8-cell stage diploid embryos are removed bytreatment with acid Tyrode's buffer. The zona-free embryos are washedand placed in M16 medium. Aggregation is performed between one 8-cellstage diploid embryo and a clump of ES cells. The aggregates arecultured in micro drops of M16 until the blastocyst stage before theyare reimplanted into the uterus horns of 2.5-day pseudopregnant SwissWebster females.

Chimeric pups are identified by the presence of a dark (=non albino)colour, which originated from an ES cell contribution. The percentage ofchimerism (portion of the newborn pup, originating from the ES cells) isvisually identified by judging the percentage of dark coat (originatingfrom the ES cells) compared to the white coat (originating from thealbino Swiss Webster embryo).

3. Tetraploid Aggregation of ES Cell Clones

Completely ES cell derived embryos can be generated via aggregation ofthe ES cells with tetraploid host embryos. 2-celled embryos areelectrically fused, and subsequently aggregated as 4-celled tetraploidembryos with the ES cells to form chimeric embryos, which are thenimplanted in pseudopregnant recipients. The ES cells (almost)exclusively contribute to the development of the embryo proper, and thetetraploid cells to that of the extra embryonic membrane.

In order to distinguish between the ES and tetraploid cells, hostembryos (used for aggregation) are derived from the ROSA26 strain, whichexpresses LacZ ubiquitously and throughout the entire development andadulthood. The oviducts of superovulated and mated ROSA26 mice areflushed 36 hrs after treatment with human chorionic gonadotropin tocollect late two-cell stage embryos.

Example 6 Ex Vivo Expansion of Hematopoietic Stem Cells from UmbilicalCord Blood 1. Umbilical Cord Blood (UCB) Collection.

After informed consent, human UCB from full-term deliveries werecollected at the Hospital Gasthuisberg (Leuven, Belgium) following thestandard procedure used for UCB banking. The procedure consists ofinserting the 16-gauge needle of a standard 450-ml blood donor setcontaining 35 ml of citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine (CPD-A)anticoagulant (Baxter Health Care, Deerfield, Ill.) into the umbilicalvein of the delivered placenta and letting UCB drain by gravity into theblood bag. In all the case, blood samples were processed within 24 hafter harvest. For each blood harvest, aliquots were set apart forroutine haematological analysis (Cell-Dyn 3500 System, Abbott) andimmunophenotyping of haematopoietic progenitors.

2. Isolation of Mononuclear Cells (MNC) and CD34+ Cell Purification.

Mononuclear cells (MNC) were isolated by diluting the buffy coat v/v inphosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (Gibco-BRL, Grand Island, N.Y.)) andlayering 30 ml portions over 10 ml of Lymphoprep™ (Nycomed, Oslo,Norway). These samples were centrifugated at 2000 rpm for 20 min. Theleukocyte-rich interface cells, now depleted of red blood cells werecollected, washed and positively immunomagnetically enriched for CD34+using the MACS CD34 Progenitor Cell Isolation Kit (Miltenyi Biotec,Auburn, Calif.) according to the manufacturer instructions. Briefly theMNC were washed and resuspended in Ca2+ free and Mg2+ free Dulbecco'sPBS supplemented with 0.5% BSA (Fraction V, Sigma) and 2 mM EDTA. Cellswere then incubated with an anti CD34 antibody coupled to MACS microbeads in the presence of a blocking reagent. Labeled cells were filteredthrough a 30 mm nylon mesh and then separated using a high gradientmagnetic separation column placed in a strong magnetic field.Magnetically retained cells were eluted and their purity was determinedby flow cytometry to be more than 95%.

3. Stroma Feeder.

The murine fetal liver cell line AFTO24 (a kind gift from Dr.Theunissen) was maintained at 33° C. in Dulbecco modified Eagle medium(DMEM, Gibco-BRL, Grand Island, N.Y.) supplemented with 20% FBS(HyClone, Logan, Utah), 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 U/ml streptomycine, 150μM 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME, Sigma Diagnostics, St Louis, Mo.). Cellswere subcultured in 150 cm² Flasks and 6- or 96-well plates (Falcon,Becton Dickinson Labware, NJ) precoated with 0.1% gelatin (SpecialityMedia, Lavalette, N.J.); grown to confluency and moved at 37° C., 5% CO2in order to stop the growth.

4. Culture of Hematopoietic Stem Cells.

Briefly, 10⁵ enriched UCB CD34+ cells were seeded in 6-well plates andcultured during 30 days:

-   -   1) on bare dish without stroma cells in medium conditioned by        the rabbit fibroblast-like cell line Rab9 (ATCC CRL-1414)    -   2) on bare dish without stroma cells in medium conditioned by        the rabbit fibroblast-like cell line Rab9#19 (Rab9#19 is the        rabbit fibroblast cell line Rab9, stably transfected with the        genomic rabbit LIF gene)    -   3) on bare dish without stroma cells in medium conditioned by        the rabbit fibroblast-like cell line Rab9#19 (LMBP 5479CB)    -   4) on bare dish without stroma cells in enriched basic medium        supplemented with insulin.    -   5) on bare dish without stroma cells in enriched basic medium        supplemented with insulin supplemented with 20 ng/ml human Flt3        ligand (rhFlt3/Flk2), 20 ng/ml human IL-6 recombinant (rhlL-6),        200 ng/ml human recombinant IL-6 Receptor soluble (rhlL-6 sR),        20 ng/ml human thrombopoietin (Tpo).

Cytokines (human Flt3 ligand (rhFlt3/Flk2), human IL-6 recombinant(rhlL-6), human recombinant IL-6 Receptor soluble (rhlL-6 sR), humanthrombopoietin (Tpo) were obtained from R&D Systems, Minneapolis, Minn.

Twice a week, cells are fed with the fresh appropriate medium. Each 5days until day 50, aliquots of cells were harvested for the performanceof cell counts, phenotypic analysis, and in vitro assays (LTC-IC). Thetrypan blue exclusion method was used to determine the total viable cellcontent of expansion cultures. Originally 10⁵ enriched UCB CD34+ cellswere seeded in 6-well plates and cultured during 30 days.

The results of the cell expansion are shown in table VI and FIG. 5.After 30 days the total cell number had increased 25 times when culturedin medium conditioned by Rab9 cells on bare dish without stroma cells.When cultured in medium conditioned by Rab9#19 cells on bare dishwithout stroma cells, an expansion factor of 43 was obtained.

CD34+ cells on bare dish without stroma cells in enriched basic mediumsupplemented with insulin with or without cytokine cocktail were alldifferentiated after 15 days of culture and all lost their hematopoieticcell phenotype.

TABLE VI Expansion factor of nucleated cells cultured in differentmedia. (Umbilical cord sample #40) Days in culture Medium 5 10 15 20 2530 Rab9#19 medium −cyt 0.8 1.38 5.4 17.65 15 43 Rab9 medium −cyt 1.8 6.18.54 17.59 18.99 25.45 Basic ES medium −cyt 0.2 0.14 0.48 2.35 0.35 —Basic ES medium +cyt 0.2 1.8 6.75 2.43 1.63 —Table VI and FIG. 5 show that HSC and HSP grow significantly better inRab9 or Rab9#19 conditioned cytokine free medium when compared with abasal medium which is used for isolation and maintenance of ES cells.The presence of LIF has a beneficial effect on the expansion of cells(compare Rab9 with Rab9#19).

5. Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS)

The CD34+ cells were first isolated as described above then labeled witha CD34-FITC-conjugated antibody (clone 581, Pharmingen, San Jose,Calif.) and a CD38-PE-conjugated antibody (clone HIT2, Pharmingen, SanJose, Calif.) for 15-20 min at room temperature. Then the cells werewashed twice with PBS, and then analysed on a FACSCalibur flow cytometer(Becton Dickinson, San Jose, Calif.) equipped with a 488 nm argon laser.Isotype matched controls conjugated with FITC and PE were used to setthe analyzing gates. During culture samples were taken at 5 daysintervals to count the number of CD34⁺ cells and CD34⁺CD38⁻ cells.

Table VII and FIG. 6 show that after 30 days of cultivation, the numberof CD34+ cells had increased about 3 times in medium conditioned by Rab9cells on bare dish without stroma cells. A similar increase was observedwhen the cells were cultured in medium conditioned by Rab9#19 cells onbare dish without stroma cells.

The number of CD34+ and CD34+CD38− cells on bare dish without stromacells in enriched basic medium supplemented with insulin in the presenceor absence of the cytokines cocktail could not be counted due to theirextremely weak capacity of expansion. There were not enough cellsavailable for a flow cytometry analysis.

TABLE VII Number of CD34⁺ cells (×10⁵ cells) during 30 days of culture.(Umbilical cord sample #40) bd: below detection limit, not enough cellsavailable for performing cell. Days in culture Medium 0 5 10 15 20 25 30Rab9#19 medium 1.98 — 0.61 0.64 11.18 6.47 6.47 Rab9 medium 1.98 2.421.94 1.24 7.94 6.69 6.84 basic ES medium + bd bd bd bd bd bd bd Insulinbasic ES medium + bd bd bd bd bd bd bd insulin + added cytokines

6. LTC-IC Assays.

The most frequently used method for assessing the frequency of primitivecells in vitro is the long-term culture initiating cell (LTC-IC) assay.The LTC-IC forms foci or “cobblestone areas” of primitive hematopoieticcells in the stroma. These areas quantify by limiting dilution assaysthe primitive progenitors that generate mostly myeloid cells after 5weeks in culture on a hematopoietic supportive stroma. LTC-IC has beenfound in the CD34+ fraction with a heterogeneous expression of CD38.These assays do not measure self-renewal, multilineage potential, orengraftment potential of progenitors (de Wynter E., Ploemacher R. E.(2001) in J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents, 15: 23-7).

CD34+ cells from expansion cultures were plated in 6 limiting dilutionsof 11 replicates on AFTO24-coated 96-well plates. Medium consisted ofIscoves modified Dulbecco medium (IMDM) supplemented with 12.5% FBS,12.5% horse serum (Stem Cell Technologies, Vancouver, Canada), 1000 U/mlpenicillin, 1000 U/ml streptomycin, 2 micromol L-Glutamine (Gibco-BRL)and 10⁻⁶ micromol hydrocortisone. Cultures were maintained for 5 weekswith half-medium change weekly. Medium was then completely removed andreplaced with clonogenic methycellulose medium (MethoCult™ GF H4434,Stem Cell technologies) consisting of 1.12% methycellulose, IMDM, 30%FBS, 3 U/ml erythropoietin, 50 ng/ml rh Stem Cell Factor, 10 ng/ml rhGM-CSF, 10 ng/ml rh IL-3, 10⁻⁴ M 2-mercaptoethanol

After 2 weeks culture in this methylcellulose medium, wells wereevaluated for the presence or absence of hematopoietic colonies andscored as positive or negative respectively. LTC-IC frequency was thencalculated according to Poisson statistics.

After 15 days of culture the number of LTC-IC had increased 18 timeswhen cultured in medium conditioned by Rab9 cells on bare dish withoutstroma cells and without the addition of cytokines. When cultured inmedium conditioned by Rab9#19 cells on bare dish without stroma cellsand without the addition of cytokines, an expansion factor of only 3.8was obtained. The absence of LIF in the conditioned medium has abeneficial effect on the expansion of long LTC-IC.

The LTC-IC for cultures on bare dish without stroma cells in enrichedbasic medium supplemented with insulin and with or not cytokinescocktail was not analyzed due to availability of enough cells underthese culture conditions.

TABLE VIII Expansion factor of LTC-IC. (Umbilical cord sample #23) Daysin culture Medium 5 10 15 Rab9#19 medium 0.95 0.81 3.85 Rab9 medium 2.212 18.4 basic ES medium + * * * insulin basic ES medium + * * *insulin + cyt *: too few cells available due to limited growth.

The results presented in table VIII and FIG. 7 clearly show theinfluence of LIF on the differentiation capacity of the expanded cells.The absence of LIF in the Rab9 medium dramatically preserve thepotential of the cells to differentiate in the myeloid lineage. Theresults also show that the novel Rab9 medium, which has superiorcapacities for deriving and maintaining ES cells, also has a superiorperformance in promoting the growth and maintaining the undifferentiatedstatus of hematopoeitic stem cells and stem cell precursors.

Example 8 In Vivo Assay for Repopulating HSC

Properties of HSC are self-renewal, multilineage differentiationcapacity, and ability to repopulate a myeloablated host. Assays such asthe long-term culture-initiating cell (LTC-IC) measure the ability ofcells to generate myeloid progenitors after a prolonged period inculture. However, these assays do not measure self-renewal, multilineagepotential, or engraftment potential of progenitors. Assessment of theengrafting ability of human HSC requires still requires transplantmodels. Several xenogeneic models have been developed, includingtransplantation transplantation into the humanized severe combinedimmunodeficiency (SCID) mouse into nonobese diabetic (NOD)-SCID mice theBeige-Nude-Xid (BNX) mouse and preimmune fetal sheep as describe forexample in Lewis et al (2001) Blood 97, 3441-3449

NOD-SCID recipients. A breeding colony of NOD-SCID mice was Mice werekept in specific pathogen-free conditions and maintained on acidifiedwater and autoclaved food. Trimethoprim 60 mg and sulfamethoxazole 300mg (Hoffmann-La Roche, Nutley, N.J.) per 100 mL water was given twiceweekly. At 6 to 8 weeks of age, mice were irradiated with 300 to 325 cGyat 57 cGy/min by a Mark 1 Cesium irradiator. Transplantation of UCBcells by tail vein injection occurred 24 hours after irradiation. Celldoses ranged from 25 to 150×10³ CD341 cells on day 0 (ie, uncultured) orthe progeny of an identical number of cultured cells on days 7,14, or28. Six weeks after transplantation, mice were killed by cervicaldislocation. Bone marrow (BM) was obtained by flushing femurs and tibiaswith IMDM 20% FCS. Cells from engrafted animals were then used foreither secondary transplant experiments or extended phenotypes. Whenmore than 2% human CD451 cells were present in the murine marrow, cellsfrom 2 femurs and 2 tibias were transplanted into individual secondarymouse recipients. Assessment of donor cell engraftment was by detectionof the humanspecific pan-leukocyte antigen CD45 (Becton DickinsonImmunocytometry Systems, San Jose, Calif.) conjugated to fluoresceinisothiocyanate (FITC) or peridinin chlorophyll (PerCP). Three-colorphenotyping was performed by staining cells with antihuman CD45 PerCP(Becton Dickinson), antimouse CD45 FITC (Pharmingen, San Diego, Calif.),and antihuman CD3 phycoerythrin (PE), CD14 PE, CD19 PE, CD33 PE, or CD34PE (all from Becton Dickinson). Appropriate isotype controls were used.The frequency of the engrafting human cell in the mouse, defined as anSRC, was calculated by limiting dilution analysis. Mice were infusedwith increasing cell numbers and engraftment defined as detection ofmore than 0.5% human CD451 cells. SRC frequency was calculated byPoisson statistics

Fetal sheep recipients. Cultured cells were suspended Rab9 conditionedmedium. Fifty (group X) to 100 (group I) 3 10³ uncultured CD341 cells orthe progeny of an identical number of cells cultured for 7 (group XI andII) or 14 (group XII and III) days were injected into preimmune (day57-62 of gestation) fetal sheep recipients using the amniotic bubbleprocedure. In some experiments, animals were killed 60 days aftertransplantation and BM analyzed for human cells. The BM also served asthe source of CD451 cells for transplant into secondary recipients.

Alternatively, animals were allowed to be born and BM examined 6 monthsafter transplantation. For secondary transplants, human CD451 cells wereisolated from the BM of primary recipients from groups I, II, and III at60 days after transplant by panning. The CD451 cells from the 2 animalsfrom each group were pooled, analyzed for CD341 cell content, andinjected into 3 secondary fetal recipients (group I, group IV, group II,group V, group III, group VI). Animals were killed on day 60 aftertransplantation and the BM cells were analyzed for the presence of humancells. Marrow of these secondary recipients served as the source ofCD451 cells transplanted into tertiary recipients. All recipients werekilled on day 60 after transplantation and the BM cells were analyzedfor the presence of human cells. For assessment of donor cellengraftment, BM MNC from the fetal and newborn sheep transplanted withhuman cells were analyzed for the presence of human cells by flowcytometry. Briefly, MNC were isolated from BM by hypotonic lysis ofcontaminating red cells. Antibodies specific for human CD3, CD20, CD33,CD34, CD45, and glycophorin A (Becton Dickinson) were conjugated toeither FITC or PE. In each sample, 5-3 10⁵ cells were labeled andexpression of each antigen compared to the appropriate non-bindingisotype-matched control. Expression levels of 0.2% or more could bedetected. In addition, BM MNC were cultured in methylcellulose (0.4-2 310⁵ cells/mL) with supplemental erythropoietin (2 IU/mL), IL-3 (5ng/mL), and GM-CSF (5 ng/mL) and human CFU-GM and CFU-Mix enumerated.

These in vivo assays are proof for the long term engrafting capacity ofHSC as cultivated in the novel compositions of the present invention.

1. A method of deriving pluripotent embryonic stem cells fromblastocysts or from primordial germ cells from a post-implantationembryo, or maintaining or growing pluripotent embryonic stem cells froma mammal, or expanding mammalian adult stem cells or adult earlyprogenitor cells, said method comprising the step of cultivating saidstem cells or early progenitor cells for at least one passage in aculture medium preconditioned by a fibroblast cell line and containingless than 0.1 ng/ml Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF).
 2. The methodaccording to claim 1, wherein said medium is preconditioned by animmortal fibroblast cell line.
 3. The method according to claim 1,wherein said medium is supplemented with one or more compounds of thegroup selected from interleukin, oncostatin, ciliary neurotrophicfactor, stem cell factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, andcardiotrophin.
 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein said mediumis supplemented with newborn serum or adult serum.
 5. The methodaccording to claim 1, wherein said fibroblast cell line is theimmortalised rabbit fibroblast cell line Rab9 (ATCC catalogue CRL 1414).6. The method according to claim 1, wherein said composition containsless than 0.05 ng/ml Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF).
 7. The methodaccording to claim 1, wherein said stem cells are non-human pluripotentembryonic stem cells.
 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein saidstem cells are germ line competent embryonic stem cells.
 9. The methodaccording to claim 1, wherein said adult stem cells are hematopoieticstem cells.
 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein said adultearly progenitor cells are hematopoietic precursor cells.
 11. The methodaccording to claim 1, wherein said stem cells are stem cells of anon-human mammal selected from the group consisting of primates, pigs,cows, horses, goats, sheep, cats, dogs, rabbits and rodents.
 12. Themethod according to claim 11, wherein said rodent stem cells are stemcells of Rattus sp.
 13. The method according to claim 11, wherein saidrodent stem cells are stem cells of Mus sp.
 14. The method according toclaim 11, wherein said rodent stem cells are stem cells of a Musmusculus strain with a genetic background selected from the groupconsisting of 129/SvEv, C57BL/6N, C57BL/6J-HPRT, BALB/cAnN, CBA/CaOla,129/SvJ, DBA/2N, DBA/101a, C3H/HeN, C57BL/6JOla, FVB/N and SwissWebster.
 15. The method according to claim 11, wherein said rodent stemcells are stem cells of a Mus musculus strain with a genetic backgroundof 129/SvEv or with a genetic background of C57BL/6N.
 16. The methodaccording to claim 1, which comprises cultivating the adult stem cellsor early progenitor cells until an expansion by at least 25 fold isobtained or until the amount of nucleated cells are being expanded by atleast 10 fold.
 17. A method for producing culture medium for thederivation of pluripotent embryonic stem cells from blastocysts or fromprimordial germ cells from a post-implantation embryo, or for themaintenance or growth of pluripotent embryonic stem cells of mammals forat least 10 passages as undifferentiated cells, or for the expansion ofmammalian adult stem cells or adult early progenitor cells, said methodcomprising the steps of: cultivating an immortalized fibroblast cellline in basic ES medium so as to obtain a confluent monolayer culture,and collecting the stroma-free medium from said confluent monolayerculture which is basic ES medium conditioned by said immortalizedfibroblast cell line; and wherein said medium is characterized in thatit contains less than 0.1 ng/ml Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF).